Berbak:

• Summary/Site description
• Species observation
• Land use/Human activity

• Sumatra map
• Indonesia map
• WDB

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  Summary/Site Description

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  Site name: TAMAN NASIONAL BERBAK (code SUM38)

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  Coordinates:
  Latitude: 1ø 23' 0" S
  Longitude: 104ø 20' 0" E

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  Area, site: 162700 [ha], Wetlands: [ha] Elevation from 0 to 20 metres

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  Province:
  JAMBI

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  Kabupaten/district(s):
  TANJUNG JABUNG

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  Status:
  - RS Ramsar site
  - TN National park

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  Habitats recorded:
  - Coastal dryland forest
  - Coastal dryland woodland
  - Wooded coastal dunes
  - Dryland forest in association with inland wetland
  - Vegetated estuarine
  - Lagoon/non-lagoon estuarine nipa woodland
  - Intertidal marine beaches
  - Riverine forest
  - Perennial riverine
  - Forest along flowing perennial riverine
  - Forest along tidal perennial riverine
  - Riverine Lower
  - Lower perennial riverine
  - Woodland along flowing, lower perennial riverine
  - Forest along upper riverine
  - Cultivated freshwater swampland
  - Freshwater swamp thicket
  - Cultivated annual crops on seasonally flooded (non-tidal)
  freshwater swampland
  - Grasses seasonally flooded freshwater swamp
  - Non-peat swamp forest
  - Seasonally flooded non-peat swamp forest
  - Peat swamp
  - Cultivated peat swampland
  - Peat swamp forest
  - Tidal flats on intertidal marine/estuarine
  - Vegetation on intertidal marine/estuarine
  - Marine/estuarine mangroves
  - Daily flooded marine/estuarine nipa woodland
  

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  Significant points:
  The avifauna of Berbak is very rich. At least 24 waterbird species have been sighted, including the Asian Dowitcher and Nordmann's Greenshank.
  
  The Total number of tree species in Berbak is as high as 150. A total of 23 palm species have been found in Berbak, making it the most palm-rich peatswamp forest yet known (Dransfield, 1974).
  
  The reserve is of special value for maintaining the genetic and ecological diversity of the Indo-Malayan region because of the richness of its wildlife, the special peat-swamp forest (on peat > 10 m in depth), the riverine and freshwater swamp forests (Silvius, 1986).
  At least 30 species of mammals have been recorded (Silvius et al, 1984).
  
  In October 1991 tracks/spoor of the Sumatran Rhinoceros were encountered by a PHPA/AWB survey party (Claridge 1991).
  
  Berbak might be considered:
  
  a. The best Tiger Reserve of Indonesia
  b. The best Tapir Reserve of Indonesia
  c. The best Peatswamp Reserve of Asia
  d. The best Freshwater Swamp Reserve in Sumatra.
  

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  Status remarks:
  Formerly a wildlife reserve (Suaka Margasatwa), [based on Dutch colonial law "Wildreservaat" of 29-10-1935], Berbak's status was raised to NATIONAL PARK on 26/02/92 by Decree of Minister of Forestry.
  
  Berbak also became a RAMSAR site by on 19/10/1991 by presidential decree.
  
  Proposals have been formulated to have another site -- the proposed Sembilang Wildlife Reserve which borders Berbak on the south -- listed as a RAMSAR site (Verheugt et al, 1989).

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  General site description:
  
  Berbak National Park forms part of the vast alluvial plain of East Sumatra, which occupies approximately one quarter of the island, and is one of Indonesia's largest swamp forest reserves.
  
  The region is almost entirely flat, being dissected by a number of levee-banked, meandering rivers that drain in a northeasterly direction toward the coast.
  
  Along the coast and lower sections of the rivers, extensive beach ridges and intertidal mudflats occur.
  
  The area contains 60,000 ha of freshwater swamp forest and 110,000 ha of undisturbed peatswamp forest.
  
  Its eastern boundary is bordered by five villages, some muddy coast and a small fringe of mangrove forest (1,500 ha).
  
  The southern border is the Sungai Benu and the site is bisected by the river Air Hitam Laut. The rivers are edged with Nypa fruticans, then Pandanus tectorius and, further inland, riverine forest dominated by Mammea sp.
  
  The maximum coastal tidal range is 2 - 2.5 metres decreasing to 1 metre a further 10 km upstream.
  
  The forest is inundated for a large part of the year.
  
  The rivers are up to 20 m deep and contain acid peatwater.
  
  In the dry season brackish water penetrates up to 10 km inland.
  
  The two major rivers of the reserve, both have their origin outside the reserve and drain over extensive peat deposits resulting in low pH and staining by suspended and dissolved organic material.
  
  The reserve includes several important sites for waterbirds, the most important one at the sandy beach near the mouth of the river Cemara.
  
  At least 24 water bird species have been sighted, including the Asian Dowitcher and Nordmann's Greenshank.
  At least 34 species of freshwater fish and brackish water fish are known from the rivers.
  
  

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  Principal vegetation:
  Peatswamp forest, more than 40m high.
  Freshwater swamp, 50m high with emergents of up to 70m. Riverine forest: up to 50m high (with many palms).
  

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  Location of Site:
  Located on the east coast this site begins approximately 10 km inland from the Berhala Strait, extending down the coast to Sungai Benu.
  The eastern boundary was revised in 1985 to exclude the coastal settlements that extend from Sungai Bemu in the south to Sungai Remau in the north.
  The city of Jambi lies approximately 50 km to the west and reserve headquarters are located at Nipa Panjang, 10 km to the northwest.
  Access is difficult and time-consuming due to poor infrastructure.
  The entrance to the park at Desa Air Hitam Laut can be reached in approximately five hours by motor boat from the reserve headquarters, although travel time may double during the wet season.

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  Ramsar Criteria potentially met by the site:
  1 There are 23 palm species (Arecaceae) recorded at Berbak making it the most palm-rich peatswamp forest yet known (Dransfield 1974).
  
  1b Berbak Game Reserve represents the largest and only peatswamp forest in Sumatra which is presently protected by Indonesian Law. No other extensive and largely undisturbed areas remain for sustainable protection of the once renowned extensive peatswamps of coastal Sumatra. Moreover, Berbak is unique in Southeast Asia. At 175,000 hectares it represents the largest undisturbed peatswamp forest reserve in Southeast Asia.
  
  2 The bio-diversity of the area is regarded as extremely high, though its full extent has not yet been ascertained owing to few surveys. Giesen (1991) lists over 260 plant species including 23 palms (Arecaceae) making it the most palm-rich peatswamp forest yet known (Dransfield, 1974).
  
  2a The following IUCN Red Data List (1994) and CITES checklist (1994) species occur:
  Endangered :
  Chinese Egret (Egretta eulophotes)
  -- Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)
  -- Sumatran Tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae)
  -- Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus)
  -- River Terrapin (Batagur baska)
  -- False Gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii)
  Vulnerable :
  -- White-winged Duck (Cairina scutulata)
  -- Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus)
  -- Milky Stork (Mycteria cinera)
  -- Malayan Sunbear (Helarctos malayanus)
  -- Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosus)
  -- Estuarine Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)
  Rare :
  -- Storm's Stork (Ciconia stormi)
  -- Asian Dowitcher (Limnodromus semipalmatus)
  -- Wrinkled Hornbill (Rhyticeros corrugatus)
  -- Wallace's Hawk-eagle (Spizaetus nanus)
  Insufficiently Known :
  -- Helmeted Hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil)
  -- Hairy-nosed Otter (Lutra sumatranus)
  -- Asian Arowana (Scleropages formosus)
  -- Bornean Terrapin (Orlitia borneensis)
  Indeterminate :
  -- Yellow-throated Marten (Martes flavigula)
  App I
  -- Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis)
  -- Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)
  -- Leopard Cat (Felis bengalensis)
  -- Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis)
  -- Common Otter (Lutra lutra)
  -- Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus)
  App II
  -- Shikra (Accipiter badius)
  -- Chinese Goshawk (Accipiter soloensis)
  -- Crested Goshawk (Accipiter trivirgatus)
  -- Besra (Accipiter virgatus)
  -- Asian Pied Hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris)
  -- Black Hornbill (Anthracoceros malayanus)
  -- Jerdon's Baza (Aviceda jerdoni)
  -- Black Baza (Aviceda leuphotes)
  -- Barred Eagle-owl (Bubo sumatranus)
  -- Rhinoceros Hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros)
  -- Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo)
  -- Black-winged Kite (Elanus caeruleus)
  -- Spotted Kestrel (Falco moluccensis)
  -- White-bellied Sea-eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster)
  -- Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus)
  -- Grey-headed Fish-eagle (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus)
  -- Black Eagle (Ichthyophaga malayensis)
  -- Buffy Fish-owl (Ketupa ketupu)
  -- Blue-crowned Hanging Parrot (Loriculus galgulus)
  -- Black-thighed Falconet (Microhierax fringillarius)
  -- Brown Boobook (Ninox scutulata)
  -- Collared Scopsowl (Otus lempiji)
  -- Reddish Scopsowl (Otus rufescens)
  -- Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)
  -- Oriental Honey-buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus)
  -- Red-breasted Parakeet (Psittacula alexandri)
  -- Long-tailed Parakeet (Psittacula longicauda)
  -- Blue-rumped Parrot (Psittinus cyanurus)
  -- Crested Serpent-eagle (Spilornis cheela)
  -- Blyth's Hawk-eagle (Spizaetus alboniger)
  -- Changeable Hawk-eagle (Spizaetus cirrhatus)
  -- Fishing Cat (Felis viverrinus)
  -- Banded Palm Civet (Hemigalus derbyanus)
  -- Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis)
  -- Pig-tailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina)
  -- Pangolin (Manis javanica)
  -- Finless Porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides)
  -- Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang)
  -- Banded Leaf Monkey (Presbytis femoralis)
  -- Banded Linsang (Prionodon linsang)
  -- Large Flying Fox (Pteropus vampyrus)
  -- Common Giant Squirrel (Ratufa affinis)
  -- Silvered Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus cristatus)
  -- Bottle-nose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
  -- Black Marsh Turtle (Bellia crassicollis)
  -- Reticulated Python (Python reticulatus)
  -- Rough-necked Monitor (Varanus rudicollis)
  -- Water Monitor (Varanus salvator)
  
  Plus 56 other bird, seven other mammal and one other fish species protected by Indonesian law.
  
  2b Berbak is of special value for maintaining the genetic and ecological diversity of the coastal lowlands of Sumatra. The Reserve constitutes a diversified gene pool of plants and animals and includes species of pharmacological and horticultural potential. The total number of plant species in Berbak is as high as 260 (Trees: 150). Palm species number 23, making it the most palm-rich peatswamp forest yet known (Dransfield 1974). It also has a rich avifauna. Records demonstrate the occurence of at least 250 species of birds from 49 families (22 species are migratory waders). Records on reptiles, amphibians and insects are incomplete. But 13 reptiles have been recorded and since little work has been done in this area, more are likely.
  
  The reserve is ecologically diverse with extensive and mostly undisturbed peatswamp forest, large expanses of freshwater swamp (+/- 60,000 ha) and some 1,500 hectares of (degraded) mangrove forest.
  
  2c Although no specific information on Berbak is available, Berbak's mangrove forests are likely to have an important function as a breeding and nursery site for many marine animals. However, it is known that Panneus sp. form the bulk of shrimp fisheries in the coastal waters of Berbak. Paneus sp. are highly dependent on mangrove habitat in the juvenile stage (Turner and May, 1977). Other species are mullets, milkfish, sea perch, rabbit fish, groupers etc., all being at one stage in their life cycle dependent to some degree on ecological processes that are exclusively confined to mangroves (Macnae, 1974; Clough, 1982).
  
  3b The reserve includes several important sites for waterbirds, one of the most important areas being the sandy beach near the mouth of the Cemeral river. At least 24 species of shorebirds have been recorded, including the Asian Dowitcher (Limnodromus semipalmatus) and Nordmann's Greenshank (Tringa guttifer).

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  Wetland Values of the site:
  
  A1 Berbak constitutes an undisturbed watershed area benefitting local farming practices. The watershed function of the forests of Berbak is ecologically important (Hamilton and Snedaker, 1984), for the condition and viability of the mangroves and by extension, the shrimping/fishing community.
  
  Tropical forests influence climatological factors (micro and macro); their removal leading to drier conditions. This phenomenon has already become manifest in Berbak after some 3,500 ha of forest burnt down (Verheugt, pers comm). Obviously further destruction of the forests will have a detrimental impact on the local community's agriculture which already suffered from the droughts in 1981 and 1982 (Silvius et al 1984).
  
  B1 The "parit" (trench, ditch) system used for agricultural purposes have the following functions:
  
  1. Drainage of the swamplands and removal of acid peat water.
  
  2. Blockages, made of clay and palm leaves, are sometimes laid in the parits to control water levels; They can also serve to prevent influx of brackish water in the dry season or store freshwater in the wet season. Rainwater from the forests and the fields that overflow, is used to inundate the cropfields. This agricultural practice benefits the local community (food production) but also has economic value regionally, or even nationally, e.g. through export of coconut, banana and rubber.
  
  Without the watershed function of the forests this form of agriculture would not be possible.
  
  Local benefits come from collection from the forests of fruits, rattans and plants that are valued for their horticultural and pharmacological properties. Also latex, nibung, fuelwood, construction wood, and timber are extracted from the forests.
  
  River fisheries are of local significance. Thirty-four economically valuable species have been mentioned (Silvius et al, 1984)
  
  Shrimp fisheries are of high economic importance at a national and international level (export to Singapore and Japan) whereas other forms of coastal fisheries are of local and regional importance (Silvius et al 1984).
  
  B2 Tree species ocurring in Berbak listed by Whitmore (1971) as having horticultural potential: Mangifera sp., Durio sp., Baccaurea sp., Artocarpus sp.; Pharmacalogical potential: Alstonia sp., Dyera sp.
  
  C1.1 The following IUCN Red Data List (1994 )and CITES checklist (1992) species occur:
  
  Endangered :
  -- Chinese Egret (Egretta eulophotes)
  -- Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)
  -- Sumatran Tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae)
  -- Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus)
  -- River Terrapin (Batagur baska)
  -- False Gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii)
  Vulnerable :
  -- White-winged Duck (Cairina scutulata)
  -- Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus)
  -- Milky Stork (Mycteria cinera)
  -- Malayan Sunbear (Helarctos malayanus)
  -- Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosus)
  -- Estuarine Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)
  Rare :
  -- Storm's Stork (Ciconia stormi)
  -- Asian Dowitcher (Limnodromus semipalmatus)
  -- Wrinkled Hornbill (Rhyticeros corrugatus)
  -- Wallace's Hawk-eagle (Spizaetus nanus)
  Insufficiently Known :
  -- Helmeted Hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil)
  -- Hairy-nosed Otter (Lutra sumatranus)
  -- Asian Arowana (Scleropages formosus)
  -- Bornean Terrapin (Orlitia borneensis)
  Indeterminate :
  -- Yellow-throated Marten (Martes flavigula)
  App I
  -- Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis)
  -- Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)
  -- Leopard Cat (Felis bengalensis)
  -- Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis)
  -- Common Otter (Lutra lutra)
  -- Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus)
  App II
  -- Shikra (Accipiter badius)
  -- Chinese Goshawk (Accipiter soloensis)
  -- Crested Goshawk (Accipiter trivirgatus)
  -- Besra (Accipiter virgatus)
  -- Asian Pied Hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris)
  -- Black Hornbill (Anthracoceros malayanus)
  -- Jerdon's Baza (Aviceda jerdoni)
  -- Black Baza (Aviceda leuphotes)
  -- Barred Eagle-owl (Bubo sumatranus)
  -- Rhinoceros Hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros)
  -- Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo)
  -- Black-winged Kite (Elanus caeruleus)
  -- Spotted Kestrel (Falco moluccensis)
  -- White-bellied Sea-eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster)
  -- Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus)
  -- Grey-headed Fish-eagle (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus)
  -- Black Eagle (Ichthyophaga malayensis)
  -- Buffy Fish-owl (Ketupa ketupu)
  -- Blue-crowned Hanging Parrot (Loriculus galgulus)
  -- Black-thighed Falconet (Microhierax fringillarius)
  -- Brown Boobook (Ninox scutulata)
  -- Collared Scopsowl (Otus lempiji)
  -- Reddish Scopsowl (Otus rufescens)
  -- Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)
  -- Oriental Honey-buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus)
  -- Red-breasted Parakeet (Psittacula alexandri)
  -- Long-tailed Parakeet (Psittacula longicauda)
  -- Blue-rumped Parrot (Psittinus cyanurus)
  -- Crested Serpent-eagle (Spilornis cheela)
  -- Blyth's Hawk-eagle (Spizaetus alboniger)
  -- Changeable Hawk-eagle (Spizaetus cirrhatus)
  -- Fishing Cat (Felis viverrinus)
  -- Banded Palm Civet (Hemigalus derbyanus)
  -- Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis)
  -- Pig-tailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina)
  -- Pangolin (Manis javanica)
  -- Finless Porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides)
  -- Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang)
  -- Banded Leaf Monkey (Presbytis femoralis)
  -- Banded Linsang (Prionodon linsang)
  -- Large Flying Fox (Pteropus vampyrus)
  -- Common Giant Squirrel (Ratufa affinis)
  -- Silvered Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus cristatus)
  -- Bottle-nose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
  -- Black Marsh Turtle (Bellia crassicollis)
  -- Reticulated Python (Python reticulatus)
  -- Rough-necked Monitor (Varanus rudicollis)
  -- Water Monitor (Varanus salvator)
  
  Plus 56 other bird, seven other mammal and one other fish species protected by Indonesian law.
  
  C1.2 The Reserve's forest is home to a group of approximately 150 Kubu people. It is likely that the Kubu of Berbak became isolated from other Kubu of Sumatra after a period of migration (Persoon, 1989). They are likely to have developed a unique lifestyle. The Kubu of Jambi province generally, due to a combination of geographic and political factors, remain almost totally outside the monetized economy and beyond the reach of administration (Sandbukt, 1984). Many Kubu still have very little direct contact with outsiders.
  
  In addition to the natural instability inherently facing a small population, the "traditional" Kubu lifestyle is threatened by a number of pressures from the outside world. Agents of change include logging companies, missionaries, farmers from other ethnic groups and government institutions which are now penetrating former Kubu land (Persoona, 1989).
  
  C2.1 Berbak is an important research site for a number of reasons:
  - it is unique, large (67 km x 44 km) and largely undisturbed
  - its peatswamp and freshwater swamp forest habitats are representative for the coastal lowlands of Sumatra (although its mangroves have been largely seriously degraded).
  - it has rich vegetation and wildlife.
  - human activities in adjacent areas are typical for these habitats.
  
  Research topics proposed in the draft Management Plan (Zech, 1991) would find applications outside the reserve. It is therefore a valuable reference site for research and teaching on similar, protected and unprotected areas. The research potential of Berbak has been emphasized by many studies listed in Zech (1991).
  
  C2.2 Soon after establishment of the Reserve in 1935 reclamations took place in the north of the Reserve. In the early 1960s spontaneous immigration led to (illegal) settlement by Buginese people inside the Reserve (the current area of cleared and occupied land amounts to 17,000 ha) (de Wulf and Rauf, 1982). The permanent character of this occupation is strongly linked to the agricultural practice of parit systems, which is a form of skillful water-management, developed by the Bugis (Diemont and Reuler, 1984).
  
  This immigration and settling-down should be seen in the light of a large scale influx of transmigrants into the province of Jambi and into Sumatra as a whole over the last 5 decades. Information gathered on the above can contribute to a wider understanding of the history of Indonesia's human occupation and of Indonesia's agricultural history.
  
  It is likely that the Kubu of Berbak form an isolated group from other Kubu of Sumatra, having occupied the area after a period of migration (Persoona, 1989).
  
  Information on the history of Kubu migration and development of seemingly unique habits, utensils, etc, may contribute to the understanding of the history of human occupation and cultural diversity of Indonesia.
  
  C3.1 Berbak contains many representative types of wetland habitats including mangrove swamps, nipa swamps, tidal freshwater swamp forests (S. Air Hitam Laut, S. Benu), perennial rivers and streams (S Benu, S. Simpang Kubu, S. Simpang Malaka), peat swamp forests and freshwater swamp forests. Also present are Man-made wetlands such as irrigated land (ricefields) and canals (for drainage: parits).
  
  Berbak has places which may be representative examples of an accreting coast. The same counts for coastal erosion. (Between desa Cemara and desa Labuan Pering the fresh water swamp forests fringe the coast are eroded in places; Silvius et al, 1984).
  
  C3.2 Agriculture:
  Buginese, using the parit-system for a (semi-shifting) agriculture, grow rice (first two years) and grow trees (coconut, banana, rubber) in a very extensive way. Also pineapple cultivation is practised.
  
  Fisheries:
  River fisheries take place on a small scale along the river Sungai Benu (methods: nets on fences across the river, line and hook, fishtraps) Coastal fisheries, i.e. shrimp-fisheries, play an important role in the economy of the communities present.
  
  Forest products:
  Forest product collection takes place on a small(?) scale. Products collected are: construction materials and fuel wood, for a big part from the mangrove forests, some timber, latex and fruits. In addition, plants valued for horticultural and pharmacological properties and rattans are collected from the forest.
  
  Logging takes place in areas adjacent to the Reserve (and, it is suspected, inside the Reserve)
  
  The reserve's forest is home to a group of approximately 150 Kubu-people. Though virtually nothing is known about the life style of this particular group it can be assumed that this group practices hunting and gathering activities adapted to the particular wetland environment.
  
  C4.1 More Information needed but if this criterion applies at all to Berbak, supporting elements should be sought in the culture of the Kubu. It is said that the Kubu are non-religious, but this has been disputed (Persoona, 1989). Wesley (1989) refers to their complete hedonian religion of which little is known (translated in Zech, 1991 DRAFT). A belief in ancestral spirits, (living in trees and particular sites in the soil), that have an influence on living conditions, diseases and death, is present. According to belief, some tribe members intermediate between the spirits and the other members of the group. (SEE also Valette, 1888). How relevant this is to the Kubu of Berbak and how their beliefs are related to the reserve is so far unknown.
  
  C5.1 The coastal scenery comprises tidal mudflats fringed by mangrove forests and at some places freshwater swamp forest. At some places sand banks occur and sand beaches, fringed by Casuarina forest can be seen. These places are known for their rich birdlife as they are used for foraging and roosting, enhancing the beauty of the scenery.
  
  Coastal villages, with houses built on stilts, the presence of fishing boats, and plantations of banana and coconut trees in the background are characteristic.
  
  Going up the rivers one can see the transition from estuarine mangrove to freshwater swamp forest and riverine forest. Especially on Sungai Benu, one passes small fishering settlements with houses built on stilts. The rivers are sluggish and meander through the forests, at some places widening, exhibiting some beautiful river scenery.
  
  Animal life is rich but often obscured because of the density of the forest. Birds and monkeys can be seen as well as many animal sounds heard.
  
  C5.2 Berbak is a large wilderness area, qualified as such for its remoteness from access, biophysical and aesthetic naturalness.
  a. Accessibility: The Reserve is very remote from access.
  b. Biophysical naturalness: As Berbak has developed through the millenia in an undisturbed way (no human interference) it can be assumed that its biophysical naturalness has been maintained at the highest level.
  c. Aesthetic naturalness: Given the undisturbed character of Berbak the aesthetic naturalness (scenary, isolation) is safeguarded.
  
  C6.1 Accretion of the coastal plains of Sumatra (thus in Berbak) increased after stabilisation of the sea level 5,000 years B.C. The age of the alluvial plain is 2000-5000 years. Peat deposits, up to 10m deep, are estimated at between 4,780 and 3,015 years (C-14 dating). Evidence of an ombrotrophic development from the early beginning of peat development is given by the oligotrophic and acid character of the peat. (Diemont et at 1984). Historic maps and documents suggest that the coastal plain in front of Jambi has developed within historic times. This is disputed by several authors and no evidence has been submitted for Berbak so far. Mineral layers underneath the peat have a marine origin and show a drop in relative sea level (Diemont et al, 1984)
  
  C6.2 The reserve has extensive acreage of still undisturbed peatswamp forest, large expanses of freshwater swamp (+/- 60,000 ha) and some 1,500 ha of mangrove forest, where it can be reliably assumed that ecological processes are continuing sustainably (Peat development may still occur but this has to be confirmed).
  The process of river development is still occuring. Sluggish rivers meander through Berbak, some having their watershed area inside the Reserve serving as natural drainage for the peatswamp forest. The coastline system of Berbak can be described as an accreting system. Lateral accretion can be 15 m/year with vertical siltation of 4-6 cm/year. At some places, however, erosion occurs.
  Colonising of muddy coastal flats by mangrove is an ongoing process in Berbak. On the muddy (unripe) clay south of Sungai Cemara, a zone of mangrove (Avicennia intermedia and A. officinalis) forest up to 30 meters long is established annually (Silvius et al, 1984). The Reserve has a rich fauna (including many endangered, vulnerable or rare species) contributing to the ongoing ecological processes in the area.
  The Reserve includes several roosting and foraging sites for Paleartic migratory waders (e.g. the coastal area between Cemara and Labuan Pering), thereby contributing to the continuation of the migration process.
  Occuring mangrove forests function as a significant breeding and nursery site for many marine fauna (Hamilton and Snedaker, 1984, Dugan, 1990). Though no specific information on this topic for Berbak is available, it is known that Panaeus sp. form the bulk of shrimp fisheries in the coastal waters of Berbak (Silvius pers. comm).
  Panaeus sp. are, in the juvenile stage, highly dependent on the mangrove habitat (Turner and May, 1977). Other species are mullets, milkfish, sea perch, rabbit-fish, groupers, etc.) all being at one stage in their life cycle dependent to differing degrees on ecological processes that are unique to mangroves (MacNae, 1974; Clough, 1982)
  
  C6.3 The reserve is of special value for maintaining the genetic and ecological diversity of the Indo-Malayan region because of the richness of its wildlife, the special peat-swamp forest (on peat > 10 m in depth), the riverine and freshwater swamp forests (Silvius, 1986).
  
  Silvius (pers. comm.) qualifies Berbak as:
  a. The best Tiger Reserve of Indonesia
  b. The best Tapir Reserve of Indonesia
  c. The best Peatswamp Reserve of Asia
  d. The best Freshwater swamp Reserve in Sumatra.
  
  The Total number of tree species in Berbak is as high as 150. The number of trees per hectare varies from 25 in the river edge forest on the recluded levees and 55 in the peat forest on very deep peat.
  
  A total of 23 palm species have been found in Berbak, making it the most palm-rich peatswamp forest yet known (Dransfield, 1974).
  
  At least 30 species of mammals have been recorded (Silvius et al, 1984) In October 1991 tracks/spoor of the Sumatran Rhinoceros were encountered by a PHPA/AWB survey party (Claridge 1991).
  
  The avifauna of Berbak is very rich. Records on birds (Silvius et al, 1984; Silvius, Verheugt and Iskandar, 1986; Hornskov, 1987; Silvius, 1987, 1988) show the occurrence of at least 250 species of 49 families amongst which many are migratory waders (to date such 22 species have been recorded).
  
  Records on reptiles and amphibians are rather incomplete. Until now 13 species of reptiles are known from Berbak.
  
  Few data are available for Insects. Silvius et al (1984) lists 9 orders, 12 families from one transect.
  
  Silvius et al (1984) lists 34 species (from 16 families) of freshwater fishes.

  ---

  Tenure: Government of Indonesia

  ---

  Months with flooding: No Information

  ---

  Constraints on Development:
  The area is a National Park and Indonesia's first RAMSAR Site. Additionally, much of the area has deep peat, and extensive portions are flooded during the wet season. Agricultural activites are restricted due to the resulting effect on the water table that would threaten the long-term viability of the peatswamp forest.

  ---

  Literature:
  - Anonymous, . The Berbak Game Reserve on the Allocation and Re-allocation of Its Boundaries. AWB.
  - Claridge, G.F., 1991. Report on Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) in Berbak Wildlife Reserve. PHPA/AWB Sumatra Wetland Project Report No. 28. Asian Wetland Bureau, Bogor.
  - Silvius, M.J. and W. Giesen, 1992. Towards Integrated Management of Sumatran Peat Swamp Forests. Paper prepared for the workshop on Sumatera, Environment and Development, Bogor 16-18 Sept 1992 at SEAMEO-BIOTRROP. Asian Wetland Bureau.
  - Dep. Kehutanan, 1990. Laporan TIM peninjauan/penelitian lapangan sebaian kawasan hutan suaka margasatwa Berbak di propinsi dati I Jambi. .
  - Diemont, W.H. and H. van Reuler, 1984. Physiography and Pyrite Formation in Berbak, Sumatra, Indonesia. RIN, The Netherlands.
  - Dliyaurohman, 1983. Laporan Inventarisasi Flora dan Fauna di Suaka Margasatwa Berbak (Komplek Sungai Benuh). Sub-Balai Perlindungan dan Pelestarian Alam, Jambi.
  - Sub balai Perlindungan dan Pelestarian Alam Jambi, 1985. Laporan Inventarisasi Flora dan Fauna di Simpang Malaka; Air Hitam Laut. Suaka Margasatwa Berbak, Jambi. Sub-Balai Perlindungan dan Pelestarian Alam, Jambi.
  - Dransfield, J., 1974. Notes on the palm flora of central Sumatra. Reinwardtia 8(4):519-531.
  - Roberts, Tyson R., 1989. Freshwater Fish of Western Borneo (Kalimatan Barat). California Academy of Sciences.
  - Giesen, W., 1991. Berbak Wildlife Reserve, Jambi, Sumatra. PHPA/AWB Sumatra Wetland Project Report No.13.
  - Ichsanudin, A. and F. Purwoko, 1990. Report of the Forestry Survey Team Concerning the Berbak Wildlife Reserve. Directorate General of Inventory and Forest Utilization, Forestry Department, Bogor.
  - Nash, S.V. and A.D. Nash, 1985. The Avifauna of the Eastern Sumatran Lowland Represented in the Way Kambas, Padang Sugihan, and Berbak Reserves. WWF and IUCN.
  - Resubun, B.G., Axis Sembiring and Budi Priyono, 1988. Laporan Perjalanan Dinas Dalam Rangka Orientasi Di Wilayah Kerja: Resort KSDA Air Hitam Dalam; Resort KSDA Hutan Bakau Pantai Timur Laut. Sub-Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam, Jambi.
  - Santiapillai, C., 1989. Berbak: A Game Reserve in Need of Management. WWF 3769. WWF. Bogor, Indonesia.
  - Silvius, M.J. and H. Siepel, 1983. Berbak Game Reserve. Insects. Unpublished Data.
  - Silvius, M.J., Djuharsa E., A.W. Taufik, A.P.J.M. Steeman and E.T. Berczy, 1987. The Indonesian Wetland Inventory. A Preliminary Compilation of Information on Wetlands of Indonesia. Vol. II. PHPA-AWB/INTERWADER & EDWIN, Bogor, Indonesia.
  - Silvius, M.J., H.W. Simons and W.J.M. Verheugt, 1984. Soils, Vegetation, Fauna and Nature Conservation of the Berbak Game Reserve, Sumatra, Indonesia. Research Institute for Nature Management, Arnhem, The Netherlands.
  - Tim Ekspedisi Fauna Berbak 1991 Himpunan Mahasiswa Biologi Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung, 1991. DRAFT Laporan Sigi Fauna Di Suaka Margasatwa Berbak Propinsi Jambi. PHPA/AWB Sumatra Wetland Project.
  - Wulf, R. de, and K. Rauf, 1982. Berbak Game Reserve: Management Plan 1982-1987. FAO Field Report 38. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  - YASIKA, 1991. Studi Eksploratif Aspek-Aspek Sosial-Ekonomi Penduduk di Sekitar Suaka Margasatwa Berbak, Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung, Propinsi Jambi, Sumatra. PHPA/AWB Sumatra Wetland Project Report No.25a. Asian Wetland Bureau - Indonesia.
  - Silvius, M.J. and W.J.M. Verheugt, 1986. The Birds of Berbak Game Reserve, Jambi Province, Sumatra. Kukila 2(4): 76-84. Yayasan Indonesia Hijau.
  - Franken, N.A.P. and M.C. Roos, 1981. Studies in Lowland Equatorial Forest, in Jambi Province, Central Sumatra. BIOTROP, Indonesia.
  - McCarthy, Andrew J. (comp.), 1991. Conservation Areas of Indonesia. (Final Draft). World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC).
  - Hornskov, J., 1986. Birdwatching in Java & Sumatra, Borneo & Thailand, 21/10 1985 - 2/5 1986. Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings forlag og salgsorganisation.
  - Robinson, A.H. and Effendy A. Sumardja, 1990. Indonesia. IN: "International Handbook of National Parks and Nature Reserves." (ed. Craig W. Allin). Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, USA.
  - Asian Wetland Bureau, 1992. PROPOSAL. Buffer Zones Development of the Berbak National Park. FINAL DRAFT. Asian Wetland Bureau.
  - Frazier, S., 1992. Tiger Data in Wetland Data Base and a Recommendation to Enhance the Changes of Tiger Survival. Presented at the Sumatran Tiger PHVA Workshop. Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia 22-26 November 1992. Asian Wetland Bureau.

  ---

  Other Information Sources:
  M.J. Silvius carried out field surveys on a number of occasions, especially 1983.
  
  Jack Cox and Gunung Nababan (FAO Project GCP/INS/060/JPN) performed a preliminary crocodile survey of Sungai Melako(?) and Sungai Air Hitam Laut in October 1990.
  
  Ben Zech was manager of the site (to about March 1992) under the former PHPA/AWB "Sumatra Wetland Project".

  ---

  KEY for the preceding report
  Ramsar criteria:
  1 Criteria for representative or unique wetlands.
  1b It is a particularly good representative example of a natural or near-natural wetland, common to more than one biogeographical region.
  2 General criteria based on plants and animals.
  2a It supports an appreciable assemblage of rare,
  vulnerable or endangered species or subspecies of plants or animals or an appreciable number of individuals of any one or more of these species.
  2b It is of special value for maintaining the genetic and ecological diversity of a region because of the quality and peculiarities of its flora and fauna.
  2c It is of special value as the habitat of plants or animals at a critical stage of their biological cycle.
  3b It regularly supports substantial numbers of individuals from particular groups of waterfowl indicative of wetland values, productivity or diversity.
  
  Wetland Values:
  A1 Provides (or has the potential to provide) some regulatory or otherwise beneficial function, including contributing to the maintenance of existing processes or natural systems at the local, regional or national levels.
  B1 Provides (or has the potential to provide) a source of economic benefit through a sustainable use of the wetland or its associated ecosystem.
  B2 Contains wild populations of species which are, or have potential to be, raised commercially, or species which are closely related to ones which are used commercially, thereby constituting a genetic resource of economic significance.
  C1.1 Presence of rare, endangered or uncommon flora, fauna, communities, ecosystems, natural landscapes, processes or wetland types.
  C1.2 Demonstrates, supports or contains evidence of, a distinctive way of life, custom, process, land-use, function, or design in danger of being lost, of exceptional interest, or no longer being practised.
  C2.1 Source of information/data which has lead, or may lead, to a better understanding of evolutionary processes or of existing natural systems or processes.
  C2.2 Source of information/data which has lead, or may lead, to a better understanding of the history of human occupation of a region.
  C3.1 Demonstrates the principal characteristics of one or more of the range of classes or types of wetlands, landscapes, environments or ecosystems.
  C3.2 Demonstrates the principal characteristics of the range of human activities in the wetland environment (including way of life, land use, hunting or harvesting techniques, products used, pattern of use, etc).
  C4.1 A place highly valued by a community for reasons of religious, spiritual, symbolic, cultural, educational or social association.
  C5.1 A place possessing high aesthetic values, usually in terms of scenery.
  C5.2 A place possessing high wilderness values.
  C6.1 Contains evidence or products of past processes important in the evolution of flora, fauna, landscapes, wetland systems or climate.
  C6.2 Contains evidence demonstrating, or contributes to the maintenance of, existing processes or natural systems at the local, regional or national levels.
  C6.3 Exhibits richness or diversity of flora or fauna (biological diversity), or of landscapes, wetland types, natural processes or cultural associations.
  
  

  Back to top

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  Species observation

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  Bird Species:
  

  No.	Genus species	English name	RDB/CITES/PROT.
  1.	Gerygone sulphurea	Flyeater
  2.	Accipiter badius	Shikra	App II;Prot.
  3.	Accipiter soloensis	Chinese Goshawk	App II;Prot.
  4.	Accipiter trivirgatus	Crested Goshawk	App II;Prot.
  5.	Accipiter virgatus	Besra	App II;Prot.
  6.	Aviceda jerdoni	Jerdon's Baza	App II;Prot.
  7.	Aviceda leuphotes	Black Baza	App II;Prot.
  8.	Buteo buteo	Common Buzzard	App II;Prot.
  9.	Elanus caeruleus	Black-winged Kite	App II;Prot.
  10.	Haliaeetus leucogaster	White-bellied Sea-eagle	App II; Prot.
  11.	Haliastur indus	Brahminy Kite	App II;Prot.
  12.	Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus	Grey-headed Fish-eagle	App II; Prot.
  13.	Ictinaetus malayensis	Black Eagle	App II; Prot.
  14.	Macheiramphus alcinus *	Bat Hawk	App II;Prot.
  15.	Pandion haliaetus	Osprey	App II;Prot.
  16.	Pernis ptilorhynchus	Oriental Honey-buzzard	App II;Prot.
  17.	Spilornis cheela	Crested Serpent-eagle	App II;Prot.
  18.	Spizaetus alboniger	Blyth's Hawk-eagle	App II;Prot.
  19.	Spizaetus cirrhatus	Changeable Hawk-eagle	App II;Prot.
  20.	Spizaetus nanus	Wallace's Hawk-eagle	R; App II; Prot.
  21.	Actenoides concretus *	Rufous-collared Kingfisher	Prot.
  22.	Alcedo atthis	Common Kingfisher	Prot.
  23.	Alcedo euryzona	Blue-banded Kingfisher	Prot.
  24.	Alcedo meninting	Blue-eared Kingfisher	Prot.
  25.	Ceyx erithacus *	Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher	Prot.
  26.	Halcyon chloris	Collared Kingfisher	Prot.
  27.	Halcyon coromanda	Ruddy Kingfisher	Prot.
  28.	Halcyon pileata	Black-capped Kingfisher	Prot.
  29.	Halcyon smyrnensis	White-throated Kingfisher	Prot.
  30.	Lacedo pulchella	Banded Kingfisher	Prot.
  31.	(Pelargopsis amauroptera)
  32.	Pelargopsis capensis	Stork-billed Kingfisher	Prot.
  33.	Anas querquedula	Garganey
  34.	Cairina scutulata	White-winged Duck	V; App I;Prot.
  35.	Dendrocygna javanica	Lesser Whistling-duck
  36.	Apus affinis	Little Swift
  37.	Apus pacificus	Fork-tailed Swift
  38.	Collocalia esculenta	Glossy Swiftlet
  39.	Cypsiurus balasiensis	Asian Palm-swift
  40.	Hirundapus cochinchinensis	Silver-backed Needletail
  41.	Hirundapus giganteus	Brown-backed Needletail
  42.	Rhaphidura leucopygialis *	Silver-rumped Swift
  43.	Ardea cinerea	Grey Heron
  44.	Ardea purpurea	Purple Heron
  45.	Ardea sumatrana	Great-billed Heron
  46.	Ardeola speciosa	Javan Pond-heron
  47.	Bubulcus ibis	Cattle Egret	Prot.
  48.	Butorides striatus	Striated Heron
  49.	Casmerodius albus *	Great Egret	Prot.
  50.	Egretta eulophotes	Chinese Egret	E;Prot.
  51.	Egretta garzetta	Little Egret	Prot.
  52.	Egretta intermedia	Intermediate Egret	Prot.
  53.	Egretta sacra	Reef Egret	Prot.
  54.	Ixobrychus cinnamomeus	Cinnamon Bittern
  55.	Ixobrychus flavicollis *	Black Bittern
  56.	Ixobrychus sinensis	Yellow Bittern
  57.	Nycticorax nycticorax	Black-crowned Night-heron
  58.	Artamus leucorynchus *	White-breasted Wood-swallow
  59.	Anorrhinus galeritus	Bushy-crested Hornbill	Prot.
  60.	Anthracoceros albirostris *	Asian Pied Hornbill	App II;Prot.
  61.	Anthracoceros malayanus	Black Hornbill	App II;Prot.
  62.	Berenicornis comatus	White-crowned Hornbill	Prot.
  63.	Buceros bicornis	Great Hornbill	App I;Prot.
  64.	Buceros rhinoceros	Rhinoceros Hornbill	App II;Prot.
  65.	Rhinoplax vigil	Helmeted Hornbill	K;App I;Prot.
  66.	Rhyticeros corrugatus *	Wrinkled Hornbill	R; Prot.
  67.	Rhyticeros undulatus	Wreathed Hornbill	Prot.
  68.	Coracina striata	Bar-bellied Cuckoo-shrike
  69.	Hemipus hirundinaceus	Black-winged Hemipus
  70.	Lalage nigra U	Pied Triller
  71.	Pericrocotus cinnamomeus	Small Minivet
  72.	Pericrocotus divaricatus	Ashy Minivet
  73.	Pericrocotus flammeus	Scarlet Minivet
  74.	Pericrocotus igneus	Fiery Minivet
  75.	Calorhamphus fuliginosus	Brown Barbet
  76.	Megalaima australis	Blue-eared Barbet
  77.	Megalaima chrysopogon	Gold-whiskered Barbet
  78.	Megalaima haemacephala	Coppersmith Barbet
  79.	Megalaima lineata	Lineated Barbet
  80.	Megalaima mystacophanos	Red-throated Barbet
  81.	Megalaima rafflesii	Red-crowned Barbet
  82.	Caprimulgus affinis	Savanna Nightjar
  83.	Caprimulgus macrurus	Large-tailed Nightjar
  84.	Eurostopodus temminckii	Malaysian Eared Nightjar
  85.	Charadrius alexandrinus	Kentish Plover
  86.	Charadrius dubius	Little Ringed Plover
  87.	Charadrius leschenaultii	Greater Sand-plover
  88.	Charadrius mongolus	Lesser Sand-plover
  89.	Charadrius peronii	Malaysian Plover
  90.	Pluvialis fulva *	Pacific Golden Plover
  91.	Pluvialis squatarola	Grey Plover
  92.	Ciconia episcopus	Woolly-necked Stork	Prot.
  93.	Ciconia stormi	Storm's Stork	R;Prot.
  94.	Leptoptilos javanicus	Lesser Adjutant	V;Prot.
  95.	Mycteria cinerea	Milky Stork	V;App I; Prot.
  96.	Chalcophaps indica	Emerald Dove
  97.	Columba argentina	Silvery Pigeon	V
  98.	Ducula aenea	Green Imperial Pigeon
  99.	Ducula badia	Mountain Imperial Pigeon
  100.	Ducula bicolor	Pied Imperial Pigeon
  101.	Ducula sp.
  102.	Geopelia striata	Zebra Dove
  103.	Macropygia unchall	Barred Cuckoo-dove
  104.	Streptopelia bitorquata	Island Collared Dove
  105.	Streptopelia chinensis	Spotted Dove
  106.	Treron curvirostra	Thick-billed Green Pigeon
  107.	Treron fulvicollis	Cinnamon-headed Green Pigeon
  108.	Treron olax	Little Green Pigeon
  109.	(Treron sp.)
  110.	Treron vernans	Pink-necked Green Pigeon
  111.	Eurystomus orientalis	Common Dollarbird
  112.	Corvus enca	Slender-billed Crow
  113.	Corvus macrorhynchos	Large-billed Crow
  114.	Platysmurus leucopterus	Black Magpie
  115.	Cacomantis merulinus	Plaintive Cuckoo
  116.	Centropus bengalensis	Lesser Coucal
  117.	Centropus sinensis	Greater Coucal
  118.	Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus	Violet Cuckoo
  119.	Clamator coromandus	Chestnut-winged Cuckoo
  120.	Cuculus fugax	Hodgson's Hawk-cuckoo
  121.	Cuculus micropterus	Indian Cuckoo
  122.	Eudynamys scolopacea	Asian Koel
  123.	Rhamphococcyx curvirostris *	Chestnut-breasted Malkoha
  124.	Rhinortha chlorophaea *	Raffles's Malkoha
  125.	Rhopodytes sumatranus *	Chestnut-bellied Malkoha
  126.	Surniculus lugubris	Drongo Cuckoo
  127.	Zanclostomus javanicus *	Red-billed Malkoha
  128.	Dicaeum cruentatum	Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker
  129.	Dicaeum trigonostigma	Orange-bellied Flowerpecker
  130.	Prionochilus maculatus	Yellow-breasted Flowerpecker
  131.	Prionochilus percussus	Crimson-breasted Flowerpecker
  132.	Dicrurus aeneus	Bronzed Drongo
  133.	Dicrurus annectans	Crow-billed Drongo
  134.	Dicrurus macrocercus	Black Drongo
  135.	Dicrurus paradiseus	Greater Racquet-tailed Drongo
  136.	Dicrurus remifer	Lesser Racquet-tailed Drongo
  137.	Lonchura maja	White-headed Munia
  138.	Lonchura punctulata	Scaly-breasted Munia
  139.	Corydon sumatranus	Dusky Broadbill
  140.	Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchos*	Black-and-red Broadbill
  141.	Eurylaimus javanicus	Banded Broadbill
  142.	Eurylaimus ochromalus	Black-and-yellow Broadbill
  143.	Falco moluccensis	Spotted Kestrel	App II;Prot.
  144.	Falco peregrinus	Peregrine Falcon	App I; Prot.
  145.	Falco severus	Oriental Hobby	App II;Prot.
  146.	Microhierax fringillarius	Black-thighed Falconet	App II;Prot.
  147.	Fregata andrewsi	Christmas Frigatebird	E;App I;Prot.
  148.	Fregata ariel	Lesser Frigatebird
  149.	Fregata minor	Great Frigatebird
  150.	Glareola maldivarum	Oriental Pratincole
  151.	Hemiprocne comata	Whiskered Tree-swift
  152.	Hemiprocne longipennis	Grey-rumped Tree-swift
  153.	Hirundo rustica	Barn Swallow
  154.	Hirundo tahitica	Pacific Swallow
  155.	(Aegithina lafresnayei) (N)
  156.	Aegithina tiphia	Common Iora
  157.	Chloropsis cochinchinensis	Blue-winged Leafbird
  158.	Chloropsis cyanopogon	Lesser Green Leafbird
  159.	Chloropsis sonnerati	Greater Green Leafbird
  160.	Irena puella	Asian Fairy Bluebird
  161.	Hydrophasianus chirurgus	Pheasant-tailed Jacana
  162.	Lanius cristatus	Brown Shrike
  163.	Lanius schach	Long-tailed Shrike
  164.	Lanius tigrinus	Tiger Shrike
  165.	Chlidonias hybridus	Whiskered Tern	Prot.
  166.	Chlidonias leucopterus	White-winged Tern	Prot.
  167.	Gelochelidon nilotica	Gull-billed Tern	Prot.
  168.	Hydroprogne caspia *	Caspian Tern	Prot.
  169.	Larus ridibundus	Common Black-headed Gull	Prot.
  170.	Sterna albifrons	Little Tern	Prot.
  171.	Sterna anaethetus	Bridled Tern	Prot.
  172.	Sterna bengalensis	Lesser Crested Tern	Prot.
  173.	Sterna bergii	Great Crested Tern	Prot.
  174.	Sterna dougallii	Roseate Tern	Prot.
  175.	Sterna fuscata	Sooty Tern	Prot.
  176.	Sterna hirundo	Common Tern	Prot.
  177.	Sterna sumatrana	Black-naped Tern	Prot.
  178.	Merops philippinus	Blue-tailed Bee-eater
  179.	Merops viridis	Blue-throated Bee-eater
  180.	Hypothymis azurea	Black-naped Monarch
  181.	Philentoma pyrhopterum	Rufous-winged Philentoma
  182.	Philentoma velatum	Maroon-breasted Philentoma
  183.	Rhipidura albicollis	White-throated Fantail
  184.	Rhipidura javanica	Pied Fantail	Prot.
  185.	Rhipidura perlata	Spotted Fantail
  186.	Terpsiphone paradisi	Asian Paradise-flycatcher
  187.	Dendronanthus indicus	Forest Wagtail
  188.	Cyornis rufigastra	Mangrove Blue Flycatcher
  189.	Cyornis turcosus *	Malaysian Blue Flycatcher
  190.	Ficedula westermanni	Little Pied Flycatcher
  191.	Ficedula zanthopygia	Yellow-rumped Flycatcher
  192.	Muscicapa sp.
  193.	Rhinomyias umbratilis	Grey-chested Rhinomyias
  194.	Aethopyga siparaja	Crimson Sunbird	Prot.
  195.	Anthreptes malacensis	Brown-throated Sunbird	Prot.
  196.	Anthreptes rhodolaema	Red-throated Sunbird	Prot.
  197.	Anthreptes singalensis	Ruby-cheeked Sunbird	Prot.
  198.	Arachnothera affinis	Grey-breasted Spiderhunter	Prot.
  199.	Arachnothera chrysogenys	Yellow-eared Spiderhunter	Prot.
  200.	Arachnothera crassirostris	Thick-billed Spiderhunter	Prot.
  201.	Arachnothera flavigaster	Spectacled Spiderhunter	Prot.
  202.	Arachnothera longirostra	Little Spiderhunter	Prot.
  203.	Arachnothera robusta	Long-billed Spiderhunter	Prot.
  204.	Hypogramma hypogrammicum	Purple-naped Sunbird	Prot.
  205.	Nectarinia calcostetha	Copper-throated Sunbird	Prot.
  206.	Nectarinia jugularis	Olive-backed Sunbird	Prot.
  207.	Nectarinia sperata	Purple-throated Sunbird	Prot.
  208.	Oriolus chinensis	Black-naped Oriole
  209.	Oriolus xanthornus	Black-hooded Oriole
  210.	Pachycephala grisola *	Mangrove Whistler
  211.	Anhinga melanogaster	Oriental Darter	Prot.
  212.	Phalacrocorax niger	Little Cormorant
  213.	Argusianus argus	Great Argus	App II;Prot.
  214.	Coturnix chinensis	Blue-breasted Quail
  215.	Gallus gallus	Red Junglefowl
  216.	Melanoperdix nigra	Black Partridge
  217.	Blythipicus pyrrhotis
  218.	Blythipicus rubiginosus	Maroon Woodpecker
  219.	Celeus brachyurus *	Rufous Woodpecker
  220.	Chrysocolaptes lucidus	Greater Goldenback
  221.	Dendrocopos canicapillus *	Grey-capped Woodpecker
  222.	Dendrocopos macei *	Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker
  223.	Dendrocopos moluccensis *	Brown-capped Woodpecker
  224.	Dinopium javanense	Common Goldenback
  225.	Dryocopus javensis	White-bellied Woodpecker
  226.	Hemicircus concretus	Grey-and-buff Woodpecker
  227.	Meiglyptes tukki	Buff-necked Woodpecker
  228.	Mulleripicus pulverulentus	Great Slaty Woodpecker
  229.	Picumnus innominatus	Speckled Piculet
  230.	Picus mentalis	Checker-throated Yellownape
  231.	Picus miniaceus	Banded Woodpecker
  232.	Picus puniceus	Crimson-winged Yellownape
  233.	Reinwardtipicus validus *	Orange-backed Woodpecker
  234.	Pitta granatina	Garnet Pitta	Prot.
  235.	Passer montanus	Tree Sparrow
  236.	Ploceus manyar	Streaked Weaver
  237.	Ploceus philippinus	Baya Weaver
  238.	Loriculus galgulus	Blue-crowned Hanging-parrot	App II
  239.	Psittacula alexandri	Red-breasted Parakeet	App II
  240.	Psittacula longicauda	Long-tailed Parakeet	App II
  241.	Psittinus cyanurus	Blue-rumped Parrot	App II
  242.	Criniger phaeocephalus	Yellow-bellied Bulbul
  243.	Hypsipetes charlottae	Buff-vented Bulbul
  244.	Hypsipetes criniger	Hairy-backed Bulbul
  245.	Pycnonotus atriceps	Black-headed Bulbul
  246.	Pycnonotus aurigaster	Sooty-headed Bulbul
  247.	Pycnonotus brunneus	Red-eyed Bulbul
  248.	Pycnonotus erythropthalmos	Spectacled Bulbul
  249.	Pycnonotus eutilotus	Puff-backed Bulbul
  250.	Pycnonotus goiavier	Yellow-vented Bulbul
  251.	Pycnonotus melanoleucos	Black-and-white Bulbul
  252.	Pycnonotus plumosus	Olive-winged Bulbul
  253.	Pycnonotus simplex	Cream-vented Bulbul
  254.	Pycnonotus zeylanicus	Straw-headed Bulbul
  255.	Amaurornis phoenicurus	White-breasted Waterhen
  256.	Gallicrex cinerea	Watercock
  257.	Gallinula chloropus	Common Moorhen
  258.	Poliolimnas cinerea *	White-browed Crake
  259.	Porphyrio porphyrio	Purple Swamphen
  260.	Porzana fusca U	Ruddy-breasted Crake
  261.	Porzana paykullii	Band-bellied Crake
  262.	Rallina fasciata	Red-legged Crake
  263.	Actitis hypoleucos	Common Sandpiper
  264.	Arenaria interpres	Ruddy Turnstone
  265.	Calidris alba	Sanderling
  266.	Calidris ferruginea	Curlew Sandpiper
  267.	Calidris ruficollis	Rufous-necked Stint
  268.	Calidris tenuirostris	Great Knot
  269.	Heteroscelus brevipes	Grey-tailed Tattler
  270.	Limicola falcinellus	Broad-billed Sandpiper
  271.	Limnodromus semipalmatus	Asian Dowitcher	R;Prot.
  272.	Limosa lapponica	Bar-tailed Godwit
  273.	Limosa limosa	Black-tailed Godwit
  274.	Numenius arquata	Eurasian Curlew	Prot.
  275.	Numenius madagascariensis	Far Eastern Curlew	Prot.
  276.	Numenius phaeopus	Whimbrel	Prot.
  277.	Tringa glareola	Wood Sandpiper
  278.	Tringa nebularia	Common Greenshank
  279.	Tringa stagnatilis	Marsh Sandpiper
  280.	Tringa totanus	Common Redshank
  281.	Xenus cinereus	Terek Sandpiper
  282.	Sitta frontalis	Velvet-fronted Nuthatch
  283.	Stercorarius pomarinus	Pomarine Jaeger
  284.	Bubo sumatranus	Barred Eagle-owl	App II
  285.	Ketupa ketupu	Buffy Fish-owl	App II
  286.	Ninox scutulata	Brown Boobook	App II
  287.	Otus lempiji *	Collared Scopsowl	App II
  288.	Otus rufescens	Reddish Scopsowl	App II
  289.	Acridotheres cristatellus
  290.	Acridotheres javanicus	White-vented Myna
  291.	Acridotheres tristis	Common Myna
  292.	Aplonis panayensis	Asian Glossy Starling
  293.	Gracula religiosa	Hill Myna	Prot.
  294.	Sturnus contra	Asian Pied Starling
  295.	Acrocephalus orientalis *	Oriental Reed-warbler
  296.	Cisticola juncidis	Zitting Cisticola
  297.	Orthotomus atrogularis	Dark-necked Tailorbird
  298.	Orthotomus ruficeps	Ashy Tailorbird
  299.	Orthotomus sepium	Olive-backed Tailorbird
  300.	Orthotomus sutorius	Common Tailorbird
  301.	Prinia flaviventris	Yellow-bellied Prinia
  302.	Prinia subflava	Tawny-flanked Prinia
  303.	Seicercus grammiceps	White-rumped Warbler
  304.	Threskiornis melanocephalus	Black-headed Ibis	Prot.
  305.	Garrulax leucolophus	White-crested Laughing-thrush
  306.	Macronous ptilosus	Fluffy-backed Tit-babbler
  307.	Malacopteron affine	Sooty-capped Babbler
  308.	Malacopteron albogulare	Grey-breasted Babbler
  309.	Malacopteron magnum	Rufous-crowned Babbler
  310.	Pellorneum capistratum	Black-capped Babbler
  311.	Stachyris maculata	Chestnut-rumped Babbler
  312.	Trichastoma bicolor	Ferruginous Babbler
  313.	Trichastoma malaccense	Short-tailed Babbler
  314.	Trichastoma rostratum	White-chested Babbler
  315.	Harpactes diardii	Diard's Trogon	Prot.
  316.	Harpactes duvaucelii	Scarlet-rumped Trogon	Prot.
  317.	Copsychus malabaricus	White-rumped Shama
  318.	Copsychus pyrropygus	Rufous-tailed Shama
  319.	Copsychus saularis	Oriental Magpie-robin
  320.	Luscinia cyane *	Siberian Blue Robin
  321.	Saxicola caprata	Pied Bush-chat
  322.	Zosterops palpebrosus	Oriental White-eye

  ---

  Mammal Species:
  

  No.	Genus species	English name	RDB/CITES/PROT.
  1.	Macaca fascicularis	Long-tailed Macaque	App II
  2.	Macaca nemestrina	Pig-tailed Macaque	App II
  3.	Presbytis femoralis	Banded Leaf Monkey	App II
  4.	Presbytis melalophos *	Mitred Leaf Monkey	App II
  5.	Trachypithecus cristatus *	Silvered Leaf Monkey	App II
  6.	(Cervus sp.)
  7.	Cervus unicolor	Sambar	Prot.
  8.	Muntiacus muntjak	Barking Deer	Prot.
  9.	Cynocephalus variegatus	Malayan Flying Lemur	Prot.
  10.	Tursiops truncatus	Bottle-nosed Dolphin	K; App II; Prot.
  11.	Emballonura monticola	Malaysian Sheath-tailed Bat
  12.	Echinosorex gymnurus	Moonrat
  13.	Felis bengalensis	Leopard Cat	App I; Prot.
  14.	Felis viverrinus *	Fishing Cat	K ; App II; Prot.
  15.	Neofelis nebulosa	Clouded Leopard	V; App I; Prot.
  16.	Panthera tigris sumatrae	Sumatran Tiger	E; App I; Prot.
  17.	Hylobates agilis	Agile Gibbon	App I; Prot.
  18.	Symphalangus syndactylus	Siamang	App I; Prot.
  19.	Hystrix brachyura	Common Porcupine	Prot.
  20.	Nycticebus coucang	Slow Loris	App II; Prot.
  21.	Manis javanica	Pangolin	App II; Prot.
  22.	Lutra lutra *	Common Otter	App I
  23.	Lutra sumatrana	Hairy-nosed Otter	K ; App II
  24.	Martes flavigula	Yellow-throated Marten	I ; App III
  25.	Neophocaena phocaenoides	Finless Porpoise	K ; App I; Prot.
  26.	Petaurista petaurista	Red Giant Flying Squirrel
  27.	Petinomys setosus	White-bellied Flying Squirrel
  28.	Petinomys vordermanni	Vordermann's Flying Squirrel
  29.	Pteropus vampyrus	Large Flying Fox	App II
  30.	Dicerorhinus sumatrensis	Sumatran Rhinoceros	E; App I; Prot.
  31.	Callosciurus nigrovittatus	Black-banded Squirrel
  32.	Callosciurus notatus	Plantain Squirrel
  33.	Callosciurus prevostii	Prevost's Squirrel
  34.	Lariscus insignis	Three-striped Ground Squirrel	Prot.
  35.	Ratufa affinis	Common Giant Squirrel	App II
  36.	Sundasciurus hippurus	Horse-tailed Squirrel
  37.	Sundasciurus lowii	Low's Squirrel
  38.	Sundasciurus tenuis	Slender Little Squirrel
  39.	Crocidura fuliginosa	Southeast Asian White-toothed Shrew
  40.	Sus barbatus	Bearded Pig
  41.	Sus scrofa	Wild Pig
  42.	Tapirus indicus	Malayan Tapir	E; App I; Prot
  43.	Tragulus javanicus	Lesser Mouse Deer	Prot.
  44.	Tragulus napu	Greater Mouse Deer	Prot.
  45.	Tupaia glis	Common Treeshrew	App II
  46.	Tupaia minor	Lesser Treeshrew	App II
  47.	Helarctos malayanus	Malayan Sunbear	V; App I; Prot
  48.	(Kerivoula intermedia)
  49.	Arctictis binturong	Binturong	App III; Prot.
  50.	Arctogalidia trivirgata	Three-striped Palm Civet
  51.	Hemigalus derbyanus	Banded Palm Civet	App II
  52.	Paradoxurus hermaphroditus	Common Palm Civet
  53.	Prionodon linsang	Banded Linsang	App II; Prot.

  ---

  Fish Species:
  

  No.	Genus species	English name	RDB/CITES/PROT
  1.	Anabas testudineus	Climbing Perch
  2.	(Arius goniaspis)
  3.	Arius maculatus	Spotted Catfish
  4.	Hemiarius stormii *	Sea Catfish
  5.	Leiocassis fuscus	Bumblebee Catfish
  6.	Leiocassis poecilopterus	Bumblebee Catfish
  7.	(Leiocassis sp.)
  8.	Leiocassis stenomus	Bumblebee Catfish
  9.	(Macrones sp.)
  10.	Mystus micracanthus *	Bagrid Catfish
  11.	Mystus nemurus	River Catfish
  12.	Mystus nigriceps *	Bagrid Catfish
  13.	(Mystus sp.)
  14.	Mystus wolffii *	Bagrid Catfish
  15.	(Xenentodon cancila)
  16.	Belontia hasselti *	Javan Combtail
  17.	(Betta sp.)
  18.	Trichogaster leerii	Pearl Gouramy
  19.	Trichogaster pectoralis	Snake-skin Gouramy
  20.	Trichogaster trichopterus	Three-spot Gouramy
  21.	Chaca bankanensis *	Angler Catfish
  22.	Parambassis macrolepis *	Glass Perchlet
  23.	Channa lucius *	Forest Snakehead
  24.	Channa micropeltes	Giant Snakehead
  25.	(Channa obscurus)
  26.	(Channa sp.)
  27.	Channa striata *	Striped Snakehead
  28.	Clarias batrachus	Common Walking Catfish
  29.	Clarias meladerma *	Saw-spined Walking Catfish
  30.	Clarias nieuhofi	Slender Walking Catfish
  31.	(Botia sp.)
  32.	Balantiocheilos melanopterus	Bala Shark
  33.	Barbodes balleroides *	Barb
  34.	Barbodes gonionotus *	Thai Silver Barb
  35.	Barbodes schwanenfeldii *	Tinfoil Barb
  36.	(Chela sp.)
  37.	Cyclocheilichthys apogon	Chemperas
  38.	Epalzeorhynchos kalopterus	lying fox barb
  39.	Labeo chrysophekadion	Black 'Shark'
  40.	Leptobarbus hoevenii	Sultan Fish
  41.	Lobocheilos kajanensis *
  42.	Osteochilus hasseltii *	Carp
  43.	Parachela oxygastroides *
  44.	Puntioplites bulu *	Barb
  45.	Puntioplites waandersi *	Barb
  46.	Puntius eugrammus *	Barb
  47.	Rasbora argyrotaenia *	Rasbora
  48.	(Rasbora fasciatus)
  49.	(Rasbora pentazona)
  50.	(Rasbora sp.)
  51.	Rasbora trilineata	Scissortail Rasbora
  52.	Thynnichthys polylepis
  53.	Thynnichthys thynnoides
  54.	Dasyatis kuhlii	Blue-spotted Stingray
  55.	Oxyeleotris marmorata	Marbled Goby
  56.	(Cypsilurus sp.)
  57.	Boleophthalmus boddaerti	Goby)
  58.	Periophthalmus chrysospilos	Mudskipper
  59.	(Periophthalmus sp.)
  60.	Helostoma temminckii *	Kissing Gouramy
  61.	Dermogenys pusillus	Pygmy Halfbeak
  62.	Dermogenys sumatranus	Halfbeak
  63.	(Zenarchopterus sp.)
  64.	(Heteropneustes fossilis)
  65.	Lactarius lactarius	False Trevally
  66.	Lethrinus miniatus	Long-face Emperor
  67.	Luciocephalus pulcher	Pikehead
  68.	Macrognathus aculeatus	Long-nosed Spiny Eel
  69.	Macrognathus maculatus *	Buff-backed Spiny Eel
  70.	(Mastacembelus sp.)
  71.	Chitala lopis *	Grey Knife Fish, Featherback	Prot.
  72.	Notopterus notopterus	Common Knife Fish, Featherback
  73.	(Ophiocephalus sp.)
  74.	Osphronemus goramy	Giant Gouramy)
  75.	Scleropages formosus	Asian Bonytongue or Asian Arowana	K App. I Prot.
  76.	Pangasius micronema	Pangasius
  77.	Pangasius nasutus	Pangasius
  78.	Pangasius polyuranodon	Pangasius
  79.	Polydactylus plebejus *	Northern Threadfin
  80.	Pristis cuspidatus	Narrow Sawfish
  81.	Pristolepis fasciata	Banded Leaf Fish
  82.	Scatophagus argus	Spotted Scat
  83.	Nibea semiluctuosa *	Half Mourning Croaker
  84.	Belodontichthys dinema
  85.	Ceratoglanis scleronema *
  86.	Kryptopterus bicirrhis *	Glass Catfish
  87.	Kryptopterus hexapterus *
  88.	Kryptopterus limpok *
  89.	Kryptopterus schilbeides *
  90.	(Kryptopterus sp.)
  91.	Ompok bimaculatus *	Butter Catfish, Two-spotted Ompok
  92.	Ompok eugeneiatus *
  93.	Ompok hypophthalmus *
  94.	Wallago leeri	Giant Malayan Catfish
  95.	Monopterus albus	Swamp Eel)
  96.	Tetraodon nigroviridis *	Spotted Pufferfish
  97.	Tetraodon palembangensis	Reticulated Puffer
  98.	Xenopterus naritus	Toadfish
  99.	Toxotes chatareus	Seven-spot Archerfish
  100.	Toxotes jaculator	Banded Archerfish

  ---

  Crustacean Species:

  No.	Genus species	English name	RDB/CITES/PROT.
  1.	Macrobrachium rosenbergii	Giant River Prawn

  ---

  Mollusc Species:
  

  No.	Genus species	English name	RDB/CITES/PROT.
  1.	Achatina fulica
  2.	Pila ampullacea
  3.	Architectona maxima
  4.	Anadara granosa
  5.	Corbicula javanica
  6.	(Loligo sp.)
  7.	Murex trapa
  8.	Pugilina cochlidium
  9.	Thais carinifera
  10.	Thais javanica
  11.	Natica tigrina
  12.	Polinices didyma
  13.	Sinum neritoideum
  14.	Nerita albicilla
  15.	Septaria porcellana
  16.	(Patella sp.)
  17.	(Pecten sp.)
  18.	(Pinna sp.)
  19.	Cerithidea obtusa	Obtuse Creeper Shell
  20.	(Sepia sp.)
  21.	Turbo bruneus	Dwarf Turban Shell
  22.	(Paphia sp.)

  ---

  Amphibian Species:
  

  No.	Genus species	English name	RDB/CITES/PROT.
  1.	Bufo asper	Malayan Giant Toad
  2.	(Bufo subasper)
  3.	Bufo sumatranus
  4.	Cophixalus pipilans
  5.	Kaloula baleata baleata
  6.	Rana cancrivora cancrivora*	Crab-eating Frog
  7.	Rana limnocharis limnocharis*	Field Frog

  ---

  Reptile Species:
  

  No.	Genus species	English name	RDB/CITES/PROT.
  1.	Acrochordus javanicus	Wart Snake
  2.	Draco cornutus
  3.	Draco intermedius
  4.	(Draco sp.)
  5.	Draco volans	Common Flying Dragon
  6.	Python reticulatus	Reticulated python	App II
  7.	Cyclemys dentata	Asian Leaf Terrapin
  8.	Orlitia borneensis	Bornean Terrapin	K
  9.	Ahaetulla prasina	Oriental Whip Snake
  10.	Boiga dendrophila melanota	Mangrove Snake
  11.	Boiga dendrophila	Yellow-ringed Cat Snake
  12.	Cerberus rhynchops	Bockadam or Dog-faced Watersnake	App I
  13.	Chrysopelea paradisi	Paradise Tree Snake
  14.	Chrysopelea pelias	Twin-barred Tree Snake
  15.	Dendrelaphis pictus	Painted Bronze-back
  16.	Oligodon purpurascens	Brown Kukri Snake
  17.	Ptyas korros	Indo-Chinese Rat Snake
  18.	Xenochrophis vittatus	Striped Keelback
  19.	Zaocys carinatus	Keeled Rat Snake
  20.	Crocodylus porosus	Saltwater Crocodile	V App II Prot.
  21.	Tomistoma schlegelii	False gharial	E App I Prot.
  22.	Bungarus fasciatus	Banded Krait
  23.	Naja naja sputatrix	Spitting Cobra
  24.	Batagur baska	River Terrapin, Batagur	E App I Prot.
  25.	Cyclemys amboinensis *
  26.	Siebenrockiella crassicollis*	Black Marsh Turtle	App II
  27.	Gekko monarchus	Spotted House Gecko
  28.	Hemidactylus frenatus	House Gecko
  29.	Homalopsis buccata	Puff-faced Water Snake
  30.	Tachydromus sexlineatus
  31.	Mabuia rudis
  32.	Mabuya multifasciata	Common Sun Skink
  33.	Amyda cartilaginea *	Malayan Soft-shell Turtle
  34.	Chitra indica	Narrow-headed Softshell Turtle	Prot.
  35.	Pelochelys bibroni	Bibron's Soft-shelled Turtle
  36.	Varanus rudicollis	Rough-necked Monitor	App II
  37.	Varanus salvator	Common Water Monitor	App II
  38.	Agkistrodon rhodostoma	Malayan Pit Viper
  39.	Trimeresurus wagleri	Wagler's Pit Viper

  ---

  NOTE: (Genus species) names in parentheses are not accepted "species" names as found in the respective Accepted Species Data Dictionary, nor or they listed in the affiliated Interim Data Dictionary as synonyms of an accepted species name.

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  * At least one observation record for this species was listed in the inform- ation source using a name regarded as a synonym in WDB. This output, however, uses the name accepted for the species in the WDB Species Data Dictionary.
  

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  Land use/Human activity

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  Inside the site:

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  Habitat conservation
  Hunting/capturing reptiles (Tomistoma schlegelii)
  Live capture of reptiles with traps (turtles/penyu)
  Tree logging
  Regulation of flowing water for drainage
  Hunting/capture of animals
  

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