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Site Description
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A large area of lowland swamp forests with about 65,000 ha of peatswamp forest, 75,000 ha of freshwater swamp forest and 10,000 ha of mangrove forest. It is situated on the south-west coast. It represents a complete serial succession of lowland habitats, of sandbars (which are now mostly covered with alang-alang) through swamp forests to dry lowland and has some important waterbird feeding areas (including migratory wader species). The area has a rich wildlife including rare/protected species such as Orang Utan, Proboscis Monkey and Crocodile. It is of low agricultural and forestry value and almost uninhabited.
Principal vegetation: Mangrove, freshwater swamp forest, peat swamp forest, heath forest.
The site is generally a flat wetland area where three main rivers occur: the Kendawangan river at the north, Air Hitam Kecil, and Air Hitam Besar rivers. The later occurs outside the CA boundary. The Air Hitam rivers are blackwater rivers, and the lower courses of the rivers vary in width and much dependend on flooding season. At the river banks, Rasau (Pandanus helicopus) vegetation generally occur. During dry season, the lower course of the rivers have a width of 20 m, and the upper course is narrower (5 m wide).
Bushes and alang-alang on sandy terraces (Klaru land system) are commonly found in the reserve, as well as burned peat swamp forest. Thick forest area occurs in patchy distribution, mainly at the small river banks. Most of the forest has undergone burning period, leaving some heath forest with stands of Gelam (Melaluca) which is tolerance to fires, flooding and acid soils. Other dominant tree species are Jelutung (Dyera costulata) and Ramin (Gonystulus bancanus).
Peat soils on Mendawai Land System occur particularly at the east of the reserve, near the Air Hitam Besar River. However, the upper cathcment of the river is much disturbed, inculiding for transmigration scheme.
There are at least six different habitats in the coastal area: mudflats, mangrove forest, fringing reefs, rocky shores and sandy beaches. Vegetationtypes occur on coastal area comprise mangrove, Gelam, Casuarina, and Pandanus.
Extensive mudflats occur at Kendawangan estuary and Tanjung Lumpur. The west coast of Kendawangan is hilly, with some steep cliffs on the coast. Coral reefs fringed some islands in adjacent coastal waters.
The Air Hitam rivers influence the coastal waters in the south. |
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Site Location |
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The site can be reached both by plane and boat from Pontianak. From this provincial capital, the route is Pontianak-Ketapang-Kendawangan. To reach Ketapang, one can go either by boat (6 hours) or plane (45 minutes). Four regular flights operate daily as well as two regular boat services. The 95 km distance between Ketapang to Kendawangan is served by regular minibus. To reach the southern part of the reserve (Air Hitam Kecil village) one should travel on the sea by boat (6 hours). |
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Special Memmo |
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The site includes the gazetted Cagar Alam, and coastal area (including teluk air hitam).
A large part of forest area was burned in 1994 forest fire. In 1997, forest fire occured within this reserve area, mostly on the coastal area and river bank of Air |
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| | List of Birds (94 species) | |
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| Species |
Red Data Book |
Cites |
| Actitis hypoleucos | | | | Aegithina tiphia | | | | Aethopyga mystacalis | | | | Aethopyga siparaja | | | | Alcedo meninting | | | | Alcippe brunneicauda | | | | Amaurornis phoenicurus | | | | Anthracoceros albirostris | | App II | | Anthreptes malacensis | | | | Anthreptes singalensis | | | | Aplonis panayensis | | | | Apus affinis | | | | Ardea purpurea | | | | Artamus leucorhynchus | | | | Buceros rhinoceros | | App II | | Butorides striatus | | | | Cacomantis sonneratii | | | | Centropus bengalensis | | | | Centropus sinensis | | | | Chalcophaps indica | | | | Charadrius alexandrinus | | | | Charadrius leschenaultii | | | | Chlidonias hybridus | | | | Chloropsis cyanopogon | | | | Ciconia stormi | Endengered | | | Collocalia esculenta | | | | Corvus macrorhynchos | | | | Dicaeum chrysorrheum | | | | Dicaeum concolor | | | | Dicaeum trigonostigma | | | | Dicaeum trochileum | | | | Dicrurus paradiseus | | | | Dryocopus javensis | | | | Ducula aenea | | | | Ducula bicolor | | | | Egretta garzetta | | | | Elanus caeruleus | | App II | | Eurystomus orientalis | | | | Gallirallus striatus | | | | Geopelia striata | | | | Gerygone sulphurea | | | | Gracula religiosa | | | | Halcyon chloris | | | | Halcyon coromanda | | | | Halcyon pileata | | | | Haliastur indus | | App II | | Harpactes kasumba | | | | Hemicircus concretus | | | | Hirundapus giganteus | | | | Hirundo rustica | | | | Hirundo tahitica | | | | Ictinaetus malayensis | | App II | | Irena puella | | | | Leptoptilos javanicus | Vulnerable | | | Limosa limosa | | | | Lonchura fuscans | | | | Lonchura malacca | | | | Loriculus galgulus | | App II | | Macropygia emiliana | | | | Megalaima henricii | | | | Meiglyptes tristis | | | | Nectarinia calcostetha | | | | Nectarinia jugularis | | | | Nectarinia sperata | | | | Numenius arquata | | | | Numenius phaeopus | | | | Nycticorax nycticorax | | | | Pachycephala grisola | | | | Pellorneum capistratum | | | | Pericrocotus igneus | | | | Pluvialis squatarola | | | | Prinia flaviventris | | | | Prionochilus maculatus | | | | Prionochilus percussus | | | | Prionochilus thoracicus | | | | Psittacula alexandri | | App II | | Psittacula longicauda | | App II | | Psittinus cyanurus | Lower Risk | App II | | Pycnonotus cyaniventris | | | | Pycnonotus goiavier | | | | Pycnonotus simplex | | | | Pycnonotus zeylanicus | Vulnerable | | | Reinwardtipicus validus | | | | Rhaphidura leucopygialis | | | | Rhinortha chlorophaea | | | | Rhyticeros corrugatus | Vulnerable | | | Sitta frontalis | | | | Stachyris erythroptera | | | | Sterna bergii | | | | Streptopelia chinensis | | | | Treron olax | | | | Tringa stagnatilis | | | | Xenus cinereus | | | | Zosterops flavus | Lower Risk | |
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| | List of Mamal (10 species) | |
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| Species |
Red Data Book |
Cites |
| Callosciurus notatus | | | | Helarctos malayanus | Deficient Data | App I | | Hylobates agilis | Lower Risk | App I | | Lutra sumatrana | Vulnerable | App II | | Macaca fascicularis | Lower Risk | App II | | Nasalis larvatus | Vulnerable | App I | | Pongo pygmaeus | Vulnerable | App I | | Presbytis rubicunda | | App II | | Ratufa affinis | | App II | | Trachypithecus cristatus | Lower Risk | App II |
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| | List of Fish (84 species) | |
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| Species |
Red Data Book |
Cites |
| Ambassis interrupta | | | | Anabas testudineus | | | | Aplocheilus panchax | | | | Barbichthys laevis | | | | Barbodes schwanenfeldii | | | | Belontia hasselti | | | | Betta dimidiata | | | | Betta waseri | | | | Brachygobius doriae | | | | Channa lucius | | | | Channa marulioides | | | | Channa micropeltes | | | | Channa pleurophthalmus | | | | Channa striata | | | | Chitala lopis | | | | Clarias batrachus | | | | Clarias meladerma | | | | Clarias teysmanni | | | | Coius microlepis | | | | Crossocheilus oblongus | | | | Cyclocheilichthys apogon | | | | Cyclocheilichthys enoplos | | | | Cyclocheilichthys janthochir | | | | Dasyatis kuhlii | | | | Dermogenys sumatranus | | | | Doryichthys martensii | | | | Epinephelus coioides | | | | Gobiopterus brachypterus | | | | Hampala macrolepidota | | | | Helostoma temminckii | | | | Hemipimelodus borneensis | | | | Hemirhamphodon pogonognathus | | | | Hemisilurus heterorhynchos | | | | Homaloptera stephensoni | | | | Kryptopterus apogon | | | | Kryptopterus limpok | | | | Kryptopterus macrocephalus | | | | Labiobarbus festivus | | | | Lepidocephalichthys pristes | | | | Liza melinopterus | | | | Lycothrissa crocodilus | | | | Macrochirichthys macrochirus | | | | Mastacembelus erythrotaenia | | | | Mystus micracanthus | | | | Mystus nemurus | | | | Mystus wyckii | | | | Nandus nebulosus | | | | Neostethus bicornis | | | | Notopterus notopterus | | | | Ompok weberi | | | | Osphronemus goramy | | | | Osteochilus melanopleura | | | | Osteochilus spilurus | | | | Osteochilus waandersii | | | | Oxyeleotris marmorata | | | | Pangasius lithostoma | | | | Parambassis macrolepis | | | | Parambassis wolfii | | | | Periophthalmus chrysospilos | | | | Pristolepis fasciata | | | | Puntioplites bulu | | | | Puntioplites waandersi | | | | Puntius eugrammus | | | | Puntius rhomboocellatus | | | | Rasbora cephalotaenia | | | | Rasbora dorsiocellata | | | | Rasbora dusonensis | | | | Rasbora einthovenii | | | | Rasbora gracilis | | | | Rasbora pauciperforata | | | | Rasbora tornieri | | | | Redigobius chrysosoma | | | | Scatophagus argus | | | | Scleropages formosus | Endengered | App. I | | Sphaerichthys vaillanti | | | | Stigmatogobius brocki | | | | Taeniura lymna | | | | Takifugu oblongus | | | | Tetraodon nigroviridis | | | | Tetraodon palembangensis | | | | Toxotes microlepis | | | | Trichogaster leerii | | | | Trichogaster trichopterus | | | | Wallago leeri | | |
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| | List of Crustaseans (0 species) | |
No data found for the provided SITE_COD.
| | List of Mollusk (0 species) | |
No data found for the provided SITE_COD.
| | List of Fish (0 species) | |
No data found for the provided SITE_COD.
| | List of Reptile (2 species) | |
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| Species |
Red Data Book |
Cites |
| Crocodylus porosus | Vulnerable | App II | | Varanus salvator | | App II |
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| | List of Vegetation (29 species) | |
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| Species |
Red Data Book |
Cites |
| Barringtonia asiatica | | | | Barringtonia racemosa | | | | Becheria frutescens | | | | Buchanania arborescens | | | | Cantinbium muticum | | | | Cassytha capiliaris | | | | Cassytha filiformis | | | | Casuarina equisetifolia | | | | Decaspermum montanus | | | | Drimycarpus heridus | | | | Drosera burmanni | | | | Eugenia sp. | | | | Eugenia spissifolia | | | | Eurycoma longifolia | | | | Ficus sp. | | | | Ilex praetermissa | | | | Lepisanthes sp. | | | | Lumnitzera racemosa | | | | Nepenthes sp. | | | | Ormosia bancana | | | | Palaquium obovatum | | | | Palaquium sokali | | | | Pandanus sp. | | | | Pandanus tectorius | | | | Podocarpus motleyi | | | | Shorea balangeran | | | | Styphelia malayana | | | | Vaccinium loranthifolium | | | | Xyris pauciflora | | |
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