Wetlands International Indonesia Programme

The National Park comprises four main islands: Manado Tua, a steep island in the form of a tuncated cone; Bunaken island; and Siladen island. All the three island is surrounded by narrow fringing reefs. The widest reef (1.5 km) is found off south-west Bunaken. The fourth island is Mantehage island, which is a flat island half of which is covered by mangrove and has a fringing reef which extends nearly 3 km from the north side where there is a shallow lagoon (2-6m in depth). Water currents are variable and can be very strong with dangerous eddies. However, the area is relatively shelterd from storms. Total area of mangrove forest in TN Bunaken approximately about 1,800 ha. Mangrove forest in Montehage island dominated by Rhizophora, Bruguiera and Ceriop. In Bunaken dominated by Rhizophora and in Arakan Wowontulap dominated by Rhizophora and Avicenia (200m of thickness). During the low tide, reef flats emerge. The fore-reef is mostly vertical with terraces (shaloest at 25 m) especially on north-facing reefs. In most areas, reefs have no clearly dominant coral species and communities are typically diverse and mixed. Exceptions are found on the sheltered reefs surrounding Nain lagoon where the reef crest is constructed of flat-topped massive corals, principally by Porites. Below this, the main lagoon is dominated by Acropora brancing corals. Seagrasses are found on all reef flats and in shallow lagoons. The diversity of seagrasses are Thalassia hemprichii and Enhalus acoroides (dominate), Cymodace spp., Syrigodium spp., Holodule spp., Halophila spp. The diversity of seaweed in TN Bunaken are Caulerpa sp, Halimeda spp, Padina spp, Lithothamnion spp and Euchema sp. Coral reef fishes are plentiful and diverse and probably reach their maximum diversity along the top of the sheer fore-reef at south Bunaken. The diversity of invertebrate fauna is also high, which include sponges, tunicates, crinoids, alcyonarians, antipatharians and anemones. Noteworthy fauna and flora includes Cypraea spp. Conus spp. Tronchus spp., Turbo spp., Lambis chiraga, Ovula ovum, Tridacna spp., and Hippopus hippopus. Turtles occur sporadically in the area.

Site Location

The Bunaken National Park is located close to Manado, north-eastern tip of Sulawesi. This park is easy accessible from Kuala Jengki harbour in Manado. There are boats to Pulau Manado Tua, Pulau Bunaken and Pulau Siladen. The trip can be rough especially durung the wet season from November till March.

Special Memmo

The most outstanding feature of the Bunaken island complex is the rich in invertebrate marine fauna particularly coral species.

List of Birds (83 species)

Species	Red Data Book	Cites
Accipiter rhodogaster		App II
Actitis hypoleucos
Alcedo atthis
Alcedo meninting
Anthreptes malacensis
Aplonis panayensis
Ardea purpurea
Ardea sumatrana	Lower Risk
Ardeola speciosa
Ardeola striata
Artamus leucorhynchus
Artamus leucorynchus
Bubulcus ibis
Butorides striatus
Cacatua sulphurea	Critically Endengered	App I
Centropus bengalensis
Centropus celebensis
Chalcophaps indica
Chalcophaps stephani
Chlidonias hybridus
Ciconia episcopus
Collocalia esculenta
Coracina bicolor	Lower Risk
Coracina leucopygia
Corvus enca
Cuculus saturatus
Dicaeum aureolimbatum
Dicaeum celebicum
Dicrurus hottentottus
Ducula bicolor
Egretta garzetta
Egretta novaehollandiae
Egretta sacra
Eudynamys melanorhyncha
Eurystomus orientalis
Falco moluccensis		App II
Fregata ariel
Fregata minor
Halcyon chloris
Halcyon pileata
Halcyon sancta
Haliaeetus leucogaster		App II
Haliastur indus		App II
Hirundo rustica
Hirundo tahitica
Hypothymis azurea
Larus ridibundus
Lonchura molucca
Macropygia amboinensis
Megapodius cumingii	Lower Risk
Merops ornatus
Monarcha cinerascens
Monticola solitarius
Muscicapa griseisticta
Nectarinia aspasia
Nectarinia jugularis
Ninox punctulata		App II
Numenius arquata
Numenius phaeopus
Oriolus chinensis
Otus magicus		App II
Pandion haliaetus		App II
Passer montanus
Pelargopsis melanorhyncha
Phalaropus lobatus
Ptilinopus melanospila
Rallus torquatus
Scythrops novaehollandiae
Spilornis rufipectus		App II
Sterna bengalensis
Sterna bergii
Sterna sumatrana
Streptopelia chinensis
Sula leucogaster
Surniculus lugubris
Tanygnathus megalorynchos		App II
Tanygnathus sumatranus		App II
Treron vernans
Trichoglossus ornatus		App II
Tringa brevipes
Tringa hypoleucos
Tringa totanus
Turacoena manadensis

List of Mamal (14 species)

Species	Red Data Book	Cites
Ailurops ursinus	Deficient Data
Balaenoptera borealis	Vulnerable	App I
Balaenoptera physalus	Endengered	App I
Cervus timorensis
Dugong dugon	Vulnerable	App I
Globicephala macrorhynchus	Lower Risk	App II
Macaca nigra	Endengered	App II
Orcinus orca	Lower Risk	App II
Phalanger orientalis		App II
Physeter macrocephalus	Vulnerable	App I
Stenella longirostris	Lower Risk	App II
Stigocuscus celebensis	Deficient Data
Sus celebensis
Tarsius spectrum	Deficient Data	App II

List of Fish (74 species)

Species	Red Data Book	Cites
Acanthocybium solandri
Acanthurus triostegus
Aeoliscus strigatus
Aethaloperca rogaa
Aetobatus narinari
Anyperodon leucogrammicus
Apogon novemfasciatus
Aulostomus chinensis
Balistoides viridescens
Caesio teres
Caranx melampygus
Carcharhinus melanopterus
Cephalopholis argus
Cephalopholis miniatus
Cephalopholis urodeta
Chaetodon kleinii
Chanos chanos
Cheilinus undulatus
Conger cinereus
Elagatis bipinnulatus
Epinephelus fasciatus
Epinephelus lanceolatus
Epinephelus merra
Epinephelus tauvina
Forcipiger longirostris
Gnathanodon speciosus
Gymnothorax javanicus
Hemitaurichthys polylepis
Heniochus acuminatus
Hippocampus kuda
Istiophorus platypterus
Katsuwonus pelamis
Kyphosus cinerascens
Lethrinus miniatus
Lethrinus nebulosus
Lutjanus gibbus
Lutjanus kasmira
Lutjanus sebae
Macolor macularis
Makaira indica
Myripristis murdjan
Paracanthurus hepatus
Paracirrhites forsteri
Parupeneus barberinus
Parupeneus multifasciatus
Platax teira
Plectorhinchus orientalis
Plectropomus laevis
Plotosus lineatus
Pogonoperca punctata
Pseudanthias pleurotaenia
Pseudanthias squamipinnis
Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus
Pterocaesio marri
Rhinomuraena quasita
Saurida gracilis
Scarus bleekeri
Scolopsis bilineatus
Scomberoides commersonnianus
Scomberoides tol
Selaroides leptolepis
Seriolina nigrofasciata
Siganus doliatus
Siganus guttatus
Siganus punctatus
Siganus vermiculatus
Sphyrna lewini
Taeniura lymna
Tetrapterus audax
Trachinotus blochii
Variola louti
Zanclus cornutus
Zebrasoma scopas
Zebrasoma veliferum

List of Crustaseans (1 species)

Species	Red Data Book	Cites
Birgus latro	Deficient Data

List of Mollusk (10 species)

Species	Red Data Book	Cites
Charonia tritonis	Rare
Hippopus hippopus	Lower Risk	App II
Hippopus porcellanus	Lower Risk	App II
Nautilus pompilius
Tridacna crocea	Insufficiently Know	App II
Tridacna derasa	Vulnerable	App.II
Tridacna gigas	Vulnerable	App II
Tridacna maxima	Lower Risk	App II
Tridacna squamosa	Lower Risk	App II
Trochus niloticus

List of Fish (1 species)

Species	Red Data Book	Cites
Kaloula pulchra

List of Reptile (12 species)

Species	Red Data Book	Cites
Ahaetulla prasina
Chelonia mydas	Endengered	App I
Crocodylus porosus	Vulnerable	App II
Cuora amboinensis
Dermochelys coriacea	Critically Endengered	App I
Eretmochelys imbricata	Critically Endengered	App I
Hemidactylus frenatus
Laticauda colubrina
Lycodon stormi
Mabuya multifasciata
Python sp.
Varanus salvator		App II

List of Vegetation (0 species)